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June 16, 2022

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Attributes of Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF

Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF-Neurobiology of Brain Disorders: Biological Basis of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Second Edition provides basic scientists a comprehensive overview of neurological and neuropsychiatric disease. This book links basic, translational, and clinical research, covering the genetic, developmental, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying all major categories of brain disorders. It offers students, postdoctoral fellows, and researchers in diverse fields of neuroscience, neurobiology, neurology, and psychiatry the tools they need to obtain a basic background in the major neurological and psychiatric diseases. Topics include developmental, autoimmune, central, and peripheral neurodegeneration, infectious diseases, and diseases of higher function. Organized by individual disorder, each chapter includes coverage of the clinical condition, diagnosis, treatment, underlying mechanisms, relevant basic and translational research, and key unanswered questions. This volume reflects progress in the field since publication of the first edition, with fully updated chapters, and new chapters on isolation, aging, global diseases, vascular diseases, and toxic/metabolic disease. New disorder coverage includes fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, Restless Legs Syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and more.

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Neurology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. It has two major divisions: Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system and is a branch of neurology. It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, physics and more.Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF is a bestseller in this category and is available to read here.

Contents of the Textbook

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Thoughts on teaching about the neurobiology of diseases
Potential audiences for teaching
How to provide the instruction?
How to divide topics?
Special cases
How to present yourself
Conclusions
Section I. Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Developmental disabilities and metabolic disorders
Introduction
Development
Functional development
Etiology
Techniques
Principles of management
Practice guidelines
Conclusion
Questions for further research
Chapter 3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Introduction
Clinical description
Neuroimaging studies
Advances in genetic research
Brain imaging genetics in ADHD
Modeling ADHD in animal models and cellular systems
Conclusion
Questions for further research
Chapter 4. Down syndrome: a model for chromosome abnormalities
Introduction
Down syndrome
Mouse models of Down syndrome
Changes in cognition in Down syndrome
Cognition in DS
Development of pharmacotherapy in Down syndrome
Conclusion and questions for the future of research and treatment for DS
Chapter 5. Autism spectrum disorder
Introduction
History
Clinical features
Definition and classification
Epidemiology
Natural history
Differential diagnosis
Assessment
Neuropsychological profile/cognitive functioning
Neurobiology
Neuroimaging
Neurophysiology
Neuropathology
Neurochemistry
Genetic and environmental risk factors
Animal models of ASD
Inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
Treatment
Future directions
Chapter 6. Rett syndrome: from the involved gene(s) to treatment
Introduction
Clinical features of Rett syndrome and other MECP2-related disorders
Diagnosis and clinical management of Rett syndrome
Genetics of Rett syndrome: the Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF MECP2 gene, pathogenic mutations, and phenotypic outcomes
Mecp2 mouse models recapitulating human MECP2-related pathologies
MeCP2 expression during brain development: role in neuronal maturation and maintenance of the mature state
Neuromorphological and neurophysiological consequences of MeCP2 dysfunction
Rett syndrome: not solely a neuronal disease
MeCP2: a multifunctional protein whose pathogenic mechanisms remain unsolved
MeCP2 research: from bench to bedside
Conclusion and future challenges
Chapter 7. Fragile X-associated disorders
Introduction
RNA toxicity in premutation carriers
Fragile X syndrome
Targeted treatments for fragile X syndrome
Clinical manifestations Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF of the fragile X premutation
Animal and cellular models
Conclusion
Areas for future research
Section II. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system
Chapter 8. Introduction
Chapter 9. Myasthenia gravis
Introduction
Immunopathogenesis
Neuromuscular transmission defect
Animal models of myasthenia gravis
Epidemiology and genetics
Clinical phenotype
Treatment
Conclusion
Chapter 10. Muscular dystrophy
Introduction
Pathophysiology and genetics
Epidemiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Genetic counseling
Cellular and animal models
Treatment and outcomes
Conclusion and questions for further research
Chapter 11. Peripheral neuropathies
Peripheral nervous system biology
Clinical manifestation and diagnostic modalities in peripheral neuropathies
Inherited neuropathies
Immune-mediated neuropathies
Other neuropathies
Conclusion
Questions for further research
Chapter 12. Diabetes and cognitive dysfunction
Diabetes mellitus
Complications associated with diabetes
Underlying mechanisms linking diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease
Animal models of diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease
Conclusion
Chapter 13. Tumors of the nervous system
Introduction
Tumors of the nervous system
Adult intraaxial brain and spinal cord tumors: glial tumors
Primary CNS lymphoma
Pediatric intraaxial brain tumors
Tumors of the pineal region
Tumors of the pituitary and sella
Extraaxial tumors and peripheral nervous system tumors
Autonomic nervous system tumors
Future directions in neuro-oncology
Studying brain tumors: cellular and animal models to translational research
Concluding remarks
Section III. Neurodegenerative diseases
Chapter 14. Introduction to neurodegenerative disease section
Chapter 15. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Introduction
Diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Clinical characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Natural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Available treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Neurobiological basis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Model systems ofNeurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Future directions
Chapter 16. Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies
Introduction
Clinical features of Parkinson disease
Diagnosis of Parkinson disease
Etiology of Parkinson disease: clues from epidemiology and genetics
Treatment of Parkinson disease
Questions for further research
Conclusion
Chapter 17. Huntington disease
Overview of Huntington disease
Animal models of Huntington disease
Cellular models of Huntington disease
Neuropathology of Huntington disease
Pathogenesis of Huntington disease
Treatment of Huntington disease
Questions for further research
Chapter 18. Repeat expansion disorders
Introduction
Pathophysiological mechanisms
Therapeutics against repeat expansions
Future of RED translational medicine
Conclusion
Chapter 19. Alzheimer diseases
Introduction
Clinical presentations and staging of the disease
Neuropathological hallmarks of AD
Genetics and molecular biology of AD
Molecular biology of tau pathology
Neuroinflammation as a driving force of neurodegeneration
Development of mechanism-based therapeutics
Development of diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer disease
Summary and future directions
Questions for further research
Chapter 20. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Introduction
Neuropathology
Clinical pathological correlations
Structure and function of TDP-43, C9orf72, and GRN
Therapeutic development for TDP-43 proteinopathies
Structure and function of tau
Therapeutic development for tauopathies
Conclusions
Chapter 21. Prion diseases
Introduction
Causes and pathogenesis of prion diseases
Kuru
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease
Laboratory tests
Conclusion
Questions for further research
Chapter 22. Toxic/metabolic diseases of the nervous system
Introduction
Diet
Alcohol
Carbon monoxide
Cyanide
Metals
Excitotoxins
Organophosphates
Cellular and animal models
Conclusion
Questions for future research
Chapter 23. The role of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Introduction
Peripheral inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Microglia: the convergence point for promoting or compromising neuronal survival
Neuroprotection mediated by neuronal-microglial signaling
Neurotoxicity promoted by M1-activated microglia
T lymphocytes—neuroprotection and neurotoxicity
CD4+ T lymphocytes
CD4+ T lymphocyte cytokines
Parkinson’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Emerging cell-based and immunotherapies to mitigate inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Concluding remarks
Section IV. Acute insults to the central nervous system
Chapter 24. Introduction: acute insults to the central nervous system
Chapter 25. Spinal cord injury
Introduction
Conclusion
Chapter 26. Traumatic brain injury
Epidemiology and classifications
Experimental models
The pathology of TBI
Acute responses after TBI
Long-term consequences of TBI
Blast TBI
Future directions
Chapter 27. Cerebrovascular disease—stroke
Definition of stroke
Brain lesions caused by cerebrovascular disease
Vascular pathologies causing brain ischemia and hemorrhage
Factors affecting tissue survival in patients with brain ischemia and infarction
Death of cells in the CNS, and neuroprotective and reparative mechanisms
Treatment of ischemic stroke in the acute period
Animal models in acute ischemic stroke
Questions for further research
Section V. Infectious and immune-mediated diseases affecting the nervous system
Chapter 28. Introduction
Chapter 29. Infections and nervous system dysfunctions
Inroduction
Microbe–host cell interactions
Immune responses to invading pathogens
Invasion of pathogens in the nervous system
Pathogens causing nervous system dysfunction
Conclusions and questions for further research
Chapter 30. Pathobiology of CNS human immunodeficiency virus infection
Introduction
Human immunodeficiency virus genetics and genomic organization of HIV-1
Life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus
Establishment of human immunodeficiency virus infection
Entry of human immunodeficiency virus into the CNS
CNS human immunodeficiency virus infection by cell type
CNS escape and viral latency
Mechanisms of CNS injury
CNS metabolic Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection
Experimental models
Clinical manifestations of CNS human immunodeficiency virus infection
Effects of combination antiretroviral therapy on CNS human immunodeficiency virus pathology
Mood disorders comorbid with HIV infection
Mood disorders are more common in HIV-infected women
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is impaired in MDD and HIV
Conclusion and future challenges
Chapter 31. Autoimmune and paraneoplastic neurological disorders
Introduction
The immune system
Pathogenic mechanisms of neural antigen-specific autoimmunity
Autoimmune and paraneoplastic neurological diseases
Levels of the neuraxis affected by paraneoplastic and autoimmune syndromes
Conclusion
Future directions
Chapter 32. Fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Introduction
Fibromyalgia
Chronic fatigue syndrome (now called myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS)
Coexisting (comorbid) and overlapping syndromes of FM and ME/CFS
Chapter 33. Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Introduction
Etiology of multiple sclerosis
Immune pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Clinical features of multiple sclerosis
Progressive multiple sclerosis as an unmet need
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Disease models
Treatment of multiple sclerosis
Conclusion
Questions for further research
Section VI. Diseases of higher function
Chapter 34. Introduction
Chapter 35. Disorders of higher cortical function
Introduction: from neuropsychology to mental structure
Language disorders
Memory disorders: amnesia
Disorders of movement execution: apraxia
Disorders of visual recognition: agnosia
Disorders of attentional orientation and spatial representation: unilateral neglect
Conscious awareness
Future directions
Chapter 36. Neurobioloy of sleep and circadian disorders
Neurobiology of sleep and sleep disorders
Chapter 37. Restless Legs Syndrome
Introduction: a short historical perspective of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
Clinical definitions and diagnostic criteria
Prevalence of RLS
Idiopathic and secondary RLS
Genome-wide association studies and origin of RLS
Clinical pathophysiology of RLS
Clinical disorders and comorbidities associated with RLS
Periodic limb movements during sleep in RLS
Altered spinal cord circuitry in RLS
Treatment options for RLS—dopaminergics
Alpha-2-delta ligands
Iron therapies
Opioids
Cannabis
Cellular and animal models of RLS
Invertebrate models
Vertebrate models
Transgenic rodent models
Nontransgenic rodent models
Conclusion and questions for further research
Chapter 38. Pain: from neurobiology to disease
Introduction
Terminology
Factors that impact the emergence, prognosis, or severity of pain
The neurobiology of pain
Injury-induced plasticity
Animal and cellular models used to study pain
Hope for the magic bullet and why it does not yet exist
Summary and conclusions
Chapter 39. Migraine
Introduction
The migraine spectrum: an overview of clinical manifestations
Peri-ictal clinical manifestations
Comorbidity-related issues
Migraine mechanisms
Cortical and subcortical spreading depression
Trigeminovascular system
Genetics
Pain signals from the dura: cascade and crescendo (central sensitization)
The hyperexcitable brain: insights from photophobia, phonophobia, and osmophobia
Autonomic features, including nausea and vomiting
Mechanisms of comorbid depression
Brainstem mechanisms in migraine, including pain modulation
Migraine, stress, and stress circuits
Brain changes associated with migraine attacks
Measures of neurotransmitters showing hyperexcitable state
Migraine Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF chronification or transformation
Placebo and migraine
Migraine and allostatic load
Migraine as a brain state–trait interaction
Animal models of migraine
Clinical insights from research
Conclusion
Questions for further research
Chapter 40. Dystonia
Introduction
History of dystonia
Clinical features and classification of dystonia
Diagnostic challenges in dystonia
Epidemiology of dystonia
Adult-onset idiopathic focal/segmental isolated dystonia
Genetic forms of dystonia
Environmental risk factors in dystonia
Pathophysiology of dystonia
The brain network model and neuroimaging in dystonia
Biochemical and molecular biology of dystonia
Dystonia pathophysiology: implications for treatment
Management of dystonia
Surgical treatment of dystonia
Unanswered questions
Conclusion
Chapter 41. Epilepsy
Introduction
Classification of the seizures and the epilepsies
Mechanisms underlying seizures
Mechanisms of epileptogenesis and epilepsy
Treatment of epilepsy
Summary
Chapter 42. Stress
Introduction
Types of stress
Definition of stress, allostasis, and allostatic load
Response to stressors: protection and damage
Positive effects of glucocorticoids on neuronal functions and structure
Stress in the natural world
Circadian disruption
Key role of the brain in response to stress
The brain as a target of stress
Unanswered research questions
Conclusion
Chapter 43. Addictions
Introduction and public health impact of the addictions
Trajectory of addictions, and underlying neurobiology
Animal models to study addictions
Research techniques in humans
Basic neurobiology of selected addictions
The genetics of addictions
Chapter 44. Fear-related anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder
Introduction
Classification of anxiety disorders
Neuroanatomical basis of anxiety disorders
Preclinical and animal models of anxiety
Exploring the neurobiological basis of anxiety disorders in humans
Clinical features and psychobiology of anxiety disorders
Specific phobia
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Treatment for fear-related anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder
Conclusions
Chapter 45. Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical considerations
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs)
Pediatric populations
Conclusion
Research questions needing attention
Chapter 46. The neurobiology of schizophrenia
Clinical aspects of schizophrenia
Neuroimaging
Dysregulated neurotransmitter systems in schizophrenia
Cholinergic neurotransmission
Chapter 47. Depression and suicide
Introduction
Epidemiological observations in depression and suicide
Pathogenesis of depression and suicide
Genetic factors in depression and suicide
Gene–environment interactions related to stress, depression, and suicide
Neurotransmitter systems in major depression and suicidal behavior
Cell plasticity and survival in depression and suicide
Neuroanatomical changes in depression and suicide
Resilience, depression, and suicide
Cellular and animal models
Treatment and its limitations
Questions for further research
Conclusions
Chapter 48. Inflammation as a mediator of stress-related psychiatric disorders
Interoception and mental health—focus on the immune system
Sickness behaviors
Immune signaling relevant to behavior
Mechanisms from inflammation to behavior
The microbiome as a source and mediator of inflammation
Inflammation and mental health conditions
Conclusion
Chapter 49. Role of the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of brain disorders
Introduction
The brain gut microbiome system
The neuroendocrine communication channel
The immune communication channel
Diet, the gut microbiome, and brain health
The brain gut microbiome system and brain disorders
Dietary approaches in the treatment of brain gut microbiome disorders
The role of preclinical studies in understanding and treatment of human brain gut disorders: animal models
Conclusion
Key questions for future research
Section VII. Interface between biology and society in diseases of the nervous system
Chapter 50. Introduction
Chapter 51. Sex differences in neurological and psychiatric diseases
The importance of comparing females and males
Basic principles of sexual differentiation applied to disease
Animal models to study sex-biasing factors that cause sex differences in disease mechanisms
Sex differences in specific neurological and psychiatric diseases
Prospectus
Chapter 52. Integrative medicine in neurology
Introduction
Ayurveda
Mindfulness
Yoga
Traditional Chinese medicine
Acupuncture and acupressure
Tai Chi
Other forms of integrative medicine
Cellular and animal models
Questions for future research
Conclusion
Chapter 53. The impact of isolation on brain health
The human being as a social animal
Social isolation
Early studies on biological effects of isolation on the brain during development
Studies of the psychological consequences of social isolation and loneliness
The psychological effects of solitary confinement
Effects of isolation on the brain
Effects of social isolation in animals
List of unanswered questions
Chapter 54. The neurobiology of aging
Introduction
Aging and behavior
Aging and brain structure
Aging and brain activity
Genetics of aging
Cellular and animal models
Questions for future research
Chapter 55. Palliative care in neurological disease
Introduction
Areas needing further research
Chapter 56. Racial/ethnic health disparities
Race as a biological or social construct?
Racial disparities in health
Stress, stressors and their role in health
Understanding racial differences in health: a role for stress, socioeconomic status, and racism?
Implications for further research
Clinical implications
Conclusion
Important questions for further research
Chapter 57. Advances in ethics for the neuroscience agenda
Introduction
Regulation and oversight
Research with animals
Sharing data, biosamples, and resources
Incidental findings
Neuroscience communication
Conclusion
Chapter 58. Burden of neurological disease
Introduction
Basic concepts in epidemiology
Cerebrovascular disease
Primary neoplasms
Epilepsy and seizure disorders
Dementia
Parkinson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Overview of neurological disorders
Basis of burden of disease in developed and developing countries
From communicable to noncommunicable
The paths forward
Research questions to be addressed
Conclusion and future directions
Index

The Writers

Affiliation: Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Over the past year, Dr. Zigmond and his research team have continued their studies of cellular and animal models to examine Parkinson’s disease (PD), which they believe is a multi-factorial disorder. A major focus of the lab is the role of intracellular signaling cascades in determining the viability of dopamine (DA) neurons. They hypothesize, for example, that trophic factors such as GDNF and oxidative stress can both stimulate intracellular survival cascades, including those involving MAP kinases. They further believe that endogenous trophic factor expression can be enhanced by exercise which in turn can be neuroprotective. And they have evidence that protection also can derive from acute exposure to low levels of a neurotoxin, a form of preconditioning. Last year their work included studies of the impact of oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a DA analogue that is concentrated in DA cells and rapidly breaks down to form reactive oxygen species. Results from these and other studies suggest that DA neurons react to stress by initiating a set of protective responses. Learning more about these responses may provide insights into new treatment modalities for PD.

In the coming year, Dr. Zigmond will continue to focus on understanding the strategies DA neurons use to reduce their vulnerability to intracellular stress. For example, studies are underway to determine if inhibition of trophic actor action or of kinase activation will block neuroprotection seen with exercise or GDNF or increase 6-OHDA toxicity. Some of these studies involve the preparation of molecular biological tools that maintain kinases in a constitutively or Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF dominant negative state and/or localize a kinase to the cytoplasm or the nucleus. In addition, histochemical methods are being developed to quantify kinase levels in different cellular compartments of identified cells.

Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Dr. Wiley completed his undergraduate training at the University of Chicago (1976) and his MD/PhD training in Neurosciences at the University of California San Diego (1981). This was followed by Anatomical Patholo residency at University of California San Francisco, where he participated in the first autopsies performed on what later became known as AIDS. Returning to UCSD, he completed his Neuropathology fellowship and began a lifelong career studying the pathogenesis of viral infections of the nervous system. In 1985 Dr. Wiley was appointed Assistant Professor of Pathology at UCSD. He advanced to the rank of full professor before being recruited to the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center as Director of the Division of Neuropathology and its fellowship program in 1993. Dr. Wiley has maintained an active NIH funded research program investigating the pathogenesis of viral mediated neurodegeneration. During his career he has participated in the discovery of 4 emergent viral infections of the CNS (HIV, WNV, Zika, Human Parechovirus 3). Dr. Wiley has published over 250 peer-reviewed publications and was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1997. Currently his research is focused on the role of innate and adaptive immunity in protecting the brain from viral infections. Throughout his professional career, Dr. Wiley has been actively involved in educating physician scientists at both pre- and postgraduate stages. From 1997 to 2012 he served as Director of the Pittsburgh Medical Scientist Training Program and Associate Dean in the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. During this time he was actively involved in the National Association of MD/PhD Programs and the MD/PhD Section of the GREAT group in the AAMC where he served as President and Chair respectively. He also served on the AAMC Council of Academic Societies Task Force on Dual Degree Programs.

Clinical Neuropathologist, Pathology Division, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA, USA

After receiving her M.D. and Ph.D. degrees in Paris, France, she held research positions in France and faculty positions at the Medical https://www.elsevier.com/books/neurobiology-of-brain-disorders/zigmond/978-0-323-85654-6 College of Pennsylvania and the University of Pennsylvania, before joining UCLA in 1996. At UCLA, Dr. Chesselet chaired the Department of Neurobiology from 2002 to 2013 and was Interim Chair of the Department of Neurology (2015-2016). At UCLA, she created the Center for the Study of Parkinson’s Disease and directed the NINDS-funded UCLA Udall Center for Parkinson’s disease research, the NIEHS-funded UCLA Center for Gene Environment in Parkinson’s Disease, and the UCLA Advanced Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research of the American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA). Dr. Chesselet has directed graduate programs at the University of Pennsylvania and UCLA and the NINDS-funded Training Program in Neural Repair from 1998 to 2014. Until her retirement in 2016, her laboratory conducted research on the molecular mechanisms of disorders of the basal ganglia and new treatments for Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. Her work has been extensively supported by the NIH, the Department of Defense, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, Cure HD Initiative, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and several biopharmaceutical companies. She has served on the National Advisory Environmental Health Sciences Council, on Science Advisory Boards of the Hereditary Disease Foundation, the APDA, the Restless Leg Syndrome Foundation, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, as a member of the Scientific Committees for the NIH, the French National Research Agency, Canadian Weston Brain Institute, Canadian Vanier Fellowships, and the Italian Telethon, and consults for several biotech companies. Dr. Chesselet is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, retiring chair and secretary of its section on Neuroscience, and is the President of the World Parkinson Coalition.

Emeritus Distinguished Professor, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology and Emeritus Charles H. Markham Professor of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, USA

Proportions of Neurobiology of Brain Disorders PDF

No. of pages: 1134
Language: English
Published: May 19, 2022
Imprint: Academic Press
eBook International Standard Book Number: 9780323898256
Hardcover International Standard Book Number: 9780323856546
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