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Attributes of How Emotions Are Made The Secret Life of the Brain PDF
Preeminent psychologist Lisa Barrett lays out how the brain constructs emotions in a way that could revolutionize psychology, health care, the legal system, and our understanding of the human mind.How Emotions Are Made The Secret Life of the Brain PDF
“Fascinating . . . A thought-provoking journey into emotion science.”—The Wall Street Journal
“A singular book, remarkable for the freshness of its ideas and the boldness and clarity with which they are presented.”—Scientific American
“A brilliant and original book on the science of emotion, by the deepest thinker about this topic since Darwin.”—Daniel Gilbert, best-selling author of Stumbling on Happiness
The science of emotion is in the midst of a revolution on par with the discovery of relativity in physics and natural selection in biology. Leading the charge is psychologist and neuroscientist Lisa Feldman Barrett, whose research overturns the long-standing belief that emotions are automatic, universal, and hardwired in different brain regions. Instead, Barrett shows, we construct each instance of emotion through a unique interplay of brain, body, and culture.
A lucid report from the cutting edge of emotion science, How Emotions Are Made reveals the profound real-world consequences of this breakthrough for everything from neuroscience and medicine to the legal system and even national security, laying bare the immense implications of our latest and most intimate scientific revolution.
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The Writers
Proportions of How Emotions Are Made The Secret Life of the Brain PDF
- Publisher : Harper Paperbacks; Reprint edition (March 13, 2018)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 448 pages
- International Standard Book Number-10 : 1328915433
- International Standard Book Number-13 : 978-1328915436
- Item Weight : 12 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.31 x 1.12 x 8 inches
Reviews From Customers
Kimberly
TLDR from emotion researcher: Main premise is non-peer reviewed mess confusing emotions & feelings
March 23, 2020
As someone who has conducted graduate research in emotion and facial expression, I have come across the author’s name in my studies. I did not focus on the neuroscientific details of emotions very much, so I did not do a deep dive into Barrett’s work, or her close colleagues. However, I did pick up this book when it first came out, as I recognized her name and viewed her to be a credible source in the field.
Unfortunately, I cannot recommend this book and find its assertions to be intellectually spurious (notwithstanding that this is not a peer-reviewed paper, but a mass published book—but more on that later).
The interior flap of the book states two things: “Her research overturns the widely-held belief that emotions live in distinct parts of the brain and are universally expressed and recognized.” First, saying that the amygdala is the seat of fear, and other statements like it, is an oversimplification for the masses, and has been used as shorthand in Psych 101 classes for awhile. In actuality, a peer-reviewed meta-analysis from Barrett and coauthors in 2008 (Wager et al.) showed that, across 163 studies, the bio/psycho/social processes of emotion in the brain involve expected areas (the limbic system), areas that have only been shown in animal imaging studies until that point (the thalamus and brainstem), and unexpected places (lateral frontal cortex, temporal cortex, occipital cortex, and cerebellum). This isn’t exactly new, but a layperson may not know this. That’s all good and well.
As interesting and necessary research as the above information is, it does not disprove the second assertion, which would “take down” basic universal expressions and recognition, a bold claim with such scant evidence that she has provided. The flap of the book goes on to talk about how “emotions are constructed in the moment … aided by a lifetime of learning.” Like the biology and neuroscience applications, the socio-cultural details of emotions are also important, but none of them disprove the notion that there are 6/7 universal expressions of emotion that have been repeatedly demonstrated to be universally recognized (Matsumoto, 2001). Furthermore, when these emotions are aroused, the same facial expressions of emotion are reliably produced by people all around the world, and from all walks of life (Matsumoto, Keltner, Shiota, O’Sullivan, & Frank, 2008). Different research teams, laboratories, methodologies, and participants from a wide array of countries have shown levels of universal emotion recognition well above chance in a meta-analysis of 168 datasets examining judgments of emotion in the face and other nonverbal stimuli (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002).
To wit, also consider the work of Matsumoto and Willingham (2009) who demonstrated that both sighted and congenitally blind judo athletes made the same facial expressions of sadness upon losing a match. Basic facial expressions are exhibited by both congenitally blind infants and children (Charlesworth & Kreutzer, 1973) and nonhuman primates (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1973; Geen, 1992; Hauser, 1993; Snowdon, 2003), heavily suggesting that the universal basis for these expressions are biological, genetic, and evolutionary in origin. Let me put that last point this way: If emotions are entirely dependent on cultural learning, how are congenitally (from birth) blind individuals making the same facial expressions as sighted individuals? While outward expressions only show, well, the outside of a person and not the experience inside, it forms a basic building block of emotions as a universal experience (unless you incur brain damage or are born with emotional deficiency or absence of some sort). Barrett’s assertion that since emotions can have a cultural/learned component, the evolutionarity and universality of some emotions are rendered void is not factually supported. Cultural ideas about emotions and what elicits them can and do coexist side-by-side with their evolutionary universality. Humans are not born as blank slates, where culture has to do all the work. Basic, evolutionary emotion “programming” exists alongside the human capacity for language, and other prepackaged “software” in the brain. It is puzzling to me why Barrett would attempt to make such a claim against the universality of emotions with no evidence to refute previous research, and is the reason that, despite some possible interesting alleys of thought about culture and emotion, this book earns the lowest rating. I could go further into my notes in the book that I made as I read in bewilderment, but tossing out the main claim from the book’s summary should be enough reason for the casual reader to steer clear of this book. How Emotions Are Made The Secret Life of the Brain PDF
One final note of interest. A Google search of Barrett and these claims leads to several newspaper articles from 2013-2015, all claiming this supposed brave new upheaval of scientific knowledge. This book was published in 2017. The articles and book read like someone desperately trying to prove something within the public arena (including her sissification of even even basic brain regions into the term “brain blobs”), rather than let the argument go through the gauntlet of the peer-reviewed system of the scientific community to check for its robustness. Major main assertions of this book are not peer-review supported, which casts a dark cloud over all of its assertions, and demands those who seek facts about what we do and do not know about emotions to look elsewhere.
The glorious “Mama’s Last Hug” by Frans de Waal is centered on animal emotions, as de Waal studies primates, but reminds us that we humans are animals too. It will go a long way to show that evolutionary, universal emotions don’t only belong to humans, and reinforces what a tough job anyone trying to discredit them would have. The book also includes a bit about Barrett’s idea, and succinctly distills the argument into this:
“For [Barrett], feelings and emotions are one, but for [this scientist], me, and many other scientists, they are to be kept apart. Emotions are observable and measurable, reflected in body changes and actions. Since human bodies are the same across the globe, emotions are by and large universal, including what happens to us when we fall in love, have fun, or get mad. That is why we never feel emotionally disconnected even in a country where we don’t speak the language.”
Don’t confuse emotions with feelings. To a layperson, they sound like they’re the same thing, but they’re not. People can often tell when someone is happy (the emotion) by the expressions on the person’s face and in their body language, but they do not always know what a person is happy about (the feeling).
Where to start reading instead:
– “Emotions Revealed” by Paul Ekman (for beginners)
– “Mama’s Last Hug” by Frans de Waal (for beginners)
– “The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Behavior” by Steven Pinker (for beginners)
– “Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review” by Paul Ekman (for more advanced readers)
REFERENCES
— Charlesworth, W. R., & Kreutzer, M. A. (1973). Facial expressions of infants and children. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Darwin and facial expression (pp. 91-168). New York: Academic.
— Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1973). Facial expression of emotion in nonhuman primates. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Darwin and facial expression (pp. 11-89). New York: Academic.
— Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 205-235.
— Geen, T. (1992). Facial expressions in socially isolated nonhuman primates: Open and closed programs for expressive behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 273-280.
— Hauser, M. (1993). Right hemisphere dominance for the production of facial expressions in monkeys. Science, 261, 475-477.
— Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and Emotion. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology (pp. 171-194). New York: Oxford University.
— Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1-10.
— Matsumoto, D., Keltner, D., Shiota, M. N., O’Sullivan, M., & Frank, M. G (2008). Facial Expressions of Emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland, & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 211-234). New York: Guilford.
— Snowdon, C. T. (2003). Expression of emotion in nonhuman animals. In R. J. Davidson, K. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 457-480). New York: Oxford University.
— Wager, T. D., Barrett, L. F., Bliss-Moreau, E., Lindquist, K. A., Duncan, S., Kober, H., Joseph, J., Davidson, M., & Mize, J. (2008). The neuroimaging of emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (p. 249–271). The Guilford
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George
[UPDATED] Beautiful science ruined by the market for self-help books.
May 16, 2018
I don’t hand out 5 star reviews often and I may even downgrade my review later, but as of page 95, I love the author and the language she uses to convey her point. As someone who has recently taken college A&P, some of what she’s suggested goes against what’s currently being taught. I don’t have a degree in neuroscience or even psychology and I am definitely underqualified to review Barrett’s work, but it is good enough to make me start my review mid-way through the book.
EDIT — From page 1 all the way to page 174, I loved this book. The science, and the changing perception of emotion’s origin and purpose – it’s all fascinating.
FAST FORWARD — Chapter 9 and beyond becomes a self-help, gobbledygook waste of paper.
I originally gave this 5 stars and HATED to drop it so drastically; but, the complete change in purpose and direction warranted possibly even more of a drop…
18
David
The most frustrating pop science book I’ve read
January 3, 2020
My first online store review – I’m compelled to write it because I’ve rarely been this annoyed by a book. This book has many problems but I’ll stick to the most salient, which is that the supporting evidence provided and general attitude of the author do not inspire confidence in the story of emotions that she is telling.
When a reader of pop science comes to a book like this, they are novices and must trust the author to guide them into new territory. For me, I expect to receive a fair summary of the state of the field, and for the bulk of the book to be about science which is largely accepted by other scientists. I doubt this is happening in this book for the following reasons:
Citations – Some citations in the main text purport to confirm the authors claims. In particular her argument in the book rests heavily on the finding that there are no physiological fingerprints for emotion categories. She cites 4 meta-analyses in the main text which she says support her claim. When following these citations, I was redirected to a website made for the book. There I discovered that actually 3 of these meta-analyses DO find physiological fingerprints for emotion. The 4th was run by the authors lab and didn’t find them. The author gives reasons why the other studies were wrong. I tracked down the original papers, and some comment papers by LFB, and saw these other authors replies to that etc etc. Basically I have no idea who is right, but that there is not a clear consensus at all about the authors claims. There is no way for a lay reader to understand or settle the dispute, so it is too early for a book like this to confidently pronounce to the public “scientists now agree x…”. The book is overly confident about this and several other claims (e.g. how certain tribes/cultures percieve colour) – when you fact check the claims it is clear that the situation was less clear cut than you were led to believe. This leads me to a related problem of…
Tone – the author has a terrible writing style. She is the exact inverse of how you’d hope a scientist to conduct themselves in this arena – overly belligerent towards other researchers and overly confident in her sweeping theories. This belligerence extends beyond her writing. For those willing for their patience to be tested, I recommended seeing her on Robert Wrights podcast (available on youtube) for a magnificently bizarre interview. I might want a lawyer who was this defensive or hostile, but not a scientist who was supposed to explain their work.
There are plenty of other problems which I won’t go into. Most of them have to do with the authors theory leaping ahead of the established facts, which led me to exasperation every few pages. The neuroscience which stands independent of her theory of emotion was interesting however, and I did like the model of a prediction-error correction loop as a general principle of perception. As for how emotions are made – I am not much the wiser until I find a book who’s author I can trust….
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7
Top reviews from other countries
rita
new descartian generation
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on January 11, 2019
In my generation, we are well aware of the importance of the mind, but Barret is selling this idea to the extreme.
For her, there is no reaction, no sensory channel reception, no awareness of sensory input. Everything is prediction, even an unexpected smell. It takes her to page 64 to accept less minded sensory input reception processes, and such acknowledgement bears almost no echo in her writings. She denies cause effect and fails to see that she is putting the prediction and the mind as the cause (of everything). This is the new descartian generation of Western intellectuals with little experiential sensorial training. For me, it is sort of a stretch to see sensory reception (which of course involves the nervous system, and may be tainted eventually by simulation and ‘illusion’) as prediction, and self-awareness as prediction.
In brief, her brain is, as she says, locked in her skull. My brain is a sensorial organism permanently in inter-relation with everything else, being changed and changing.
(on the upside, despite her bias and her crusade against Ekman tainting her reasoning, she is well acquainted with the literature)
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